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1 сернокислотный способ
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2 сернокислотный способ
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3 способ
device, manner, mean, medium, method, mode, practice, process, system, technique, technology, theory, way* * *спо́соб м.1. fashion, manner, way2. ( технологический процесс) process, method, practiceспо́соб гидромеханиза́ции ( в строительстве плотин) — hydraulic fill methodграфи́ческий спо́соб (напр. решения или анализа) — graphical methodспо́соб до́ступа к да́нным ( не путать с ме́тодом до́ступа) вчт. — (data) access technique (not to confuse with access method)спо́соб защемле́ния стр. — form of constraintспо́соб испыта́ния — test(ing) techniqueспо́соб конфе́кции покры́шек, до́рновый — core-type building methodспо́соб конфе́кции покры́шек, полудо́рновый — shoulder-drum tyre building methodмо́крый спо́соб ( в производстве кирпича) — wet-mud processспо́соб очи́стки воды́, электромагни́тный — electromagnetic water treatmentспо́соб перево́да пигме́нтной ко́пии, мо́крый полигр. — wet layingспо́соб перево́да пигме́нтной ко́пии, сухо́й полигр. — dry layingпласти́ческий спо́соб ( в производстве кирпича) — soft-mud processспо́соб подстано́вки изм. — substitution methodполусухо́й спо́соб ( в производстве кирпича) — stiff-mud processспо́соб получе́ния желе́за, внедо́менный — nonblast-furnace (route of) iron-makingспо́соб получе́ния се́рной кислоты́, ба́шенный — tower sulphuric acid processспо́соб получе́ния се́рной кислоты́, ка́мерный — chamber sulphuric acid processспо́соб получе́ния се́рной кислоты́, конта́ктный — contact sulphuric acid processспо́соб получе́ния се́рной кислоты́, нитро́зный — nitrous sulphuric acid processспо́соб получе́ния со́ды, аммиа́чный — ammonium soda [Solvay] processспо́соб получе́ния ста́ли — steel-making process, steel-making technique, steel-making practiceспо́соб получе́ния ста́ли в электропеча́х — electric steel-makingспо́соб получе́ния ста́ли, кислоро́дно-конве́рторный — oxygen steel-makingспо́соб приготовле́ния те́ста, безопа́рный — straight dough methodспо́соб приготовле́ния те́ста, опа́рный — sponge dough methodспо́соб произво́дства — (production) process, technology, practiceспо́соб прока́тки, ба́лочный — beam (method of) rollingспо́соб прока́тки в закры́тых кали́брах — tongue-and-groove (rolling) methodспо́соб прока́тки в накло́нных кали́брах — diagonal (method of) rolling, angular (method of) rollingспо́соб прока́тки в прямы́х кали́брах — flat [slab-and-edging] (method of) rollingспо́соб прока́тки, паке́тный — pack rollingспо́соб прока́тки, плоскореброво́й — flat-and-edge [edging] (method of) rollingспо́соб прока́тки, руло́нный — coil rollingспо́соб прока́тки с изги́бом — butterfly (method of) rollingпротивото́чный спо́соб — counter-flow processспо́соб прохо́дки ствола́ — shaft sinking (method)спо́соб прохо́дки тунне́ля марчева́нами — poling-board method of tunnelingспо́соб прохо́дки тунне́ля, откры́тый — cut-and-cover method of tunnelingспо́соб прямо́го восстановле́ния ( железа из руды) — direct reduction processспо́соб разрабо́тки горн. — mining (method)спо́соб разрабо́тки, откры́тый — open-cut [open-cast] mining (method)спо́соб разрабо́тки, подзе́мный — underground mining (method)спо́соб регенера́ции рези́ны — rubber regeneration processспо́соб регенера́ции рези́ны, во́дно-нейтра́льный — water-cooking rubber regeneration processспо́соб регенера́ции рези́ны, щелочно́й — alkali rubber regeneration processспо́соб сва́рки — welding, process (см. тж. сварка)сокращё́нный спо́соб — short-cut methodспо́соб сухо́го прессова́ния ( в производстве кирпича) — dry-press processспо́соб шлифо́вки вреза́нием — plunge grinding -
4 Carbonising Wool Rags
The " wet " or dilute sulphuric acid process is now almost entirely superseded for rags by the " dry " or hydrochloric acid gas treatment, because the colours of the rags do not " bleed " so much as with the wet process. The gas is generated in a retort placed beside the extracting chamber. In the retort is placed a mixture of common salt and sulphuric acid, or the gas is produced by merely heating liquid hydrochloric acid (spirits of salt). The extracting chamber consists of a revolving cylindrical cage, contained in a cased iron vessel heated by steam In this the rags are subjected to the acid fumes. The rags are slightly moistened by steam to facilitate the action of the acid on the cotton. The inside of the cylinder is covered with hooks, and, as it turns slowly, the rags are carried up and drop from the hooks, ensuring a thorough contact with the gas. The operation is complete in three hours. After the carbonising, the shoddy is put through a burr crushing machine, where the charred vegetable matter is removed. Then the goods are washed well or neutralised, and are then ready for the next process of manufacture.Dictionary of the English textile terms > Carbonising Wool Rags
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5 камерный способ получения серной кислоты
1) Engineering: chamber sulfuric acid process2) Oil: vitriol chamber process3) Makarov: chamber sulphuric acid processУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > камерный способ получения серной кислоты
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6 регенерация техническим способом
Русско-английский научный словарь > регенерация техническим способом
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7 башенный способ получения серной кислоты
1) Engineering: tower sulfuric acid process2) Makarov: tower sulphuric acid processУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > башенный способ получения серной кислоты
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8 контактный способ получения серной кислоты
1) Engineering: contact sulfuric acid process2) Makarov: contact sulphuric acid processУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > контактный способ получения серной кислоты
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9 нитрозный способ получения серной кислоты
1) Engineering: nitrous sulfuric acid process2) Makarov: nitrous sulphuric acid processУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > нитрозный способ получения серной кислоты
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10 сернокислотный способ
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сернокислотный способ
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11 кислота
* * *кислота́ ж.
acidкислота́ возде́йствует разруша́юще (напр. на металл) — an acid attacks (e. g., a metal)концентри́ровать кислоту́ — concentrate an acidразводи́ть кислоту́ — dilute an acidсжига́ть в кислоте́ — digest in an acidкислота́ сме́шивается с водо́й в любы́х соотноше́ниях — an acid is miscible with water in all proportionsкислота́ тра́вит материа́л селекти́вно ( в производстве полупроводниковых приборов) — the acid etches the material selectively (in semiconductor manufacture)азо́тная кислота́ — nitric acidазо́тная кислота́ получа́ется разложе́нием нитра́та на́трия се́рной кислото́й — nitric acid is made by attack of sulphuric acid on sodium nitrateаккумуля́торная кислота́ — battery acidакри́ловая кислота́ — acrylic acidаскорби́новая кислота́ — ascorbic acidбескислоро́дная кислота́ — hydrogen acidбо́рная кислота́ — boric acidва́рочная кислота́ — cooking [digester] acid, cooking liquorгрему́чая кислота́ — fulminic acidдвухосно́вная кислота́ — dihydric acidдреве́сно-у́ксусная кислота́ — wood vinegarдуби́льная кислота́ — tannin, tannic acidдымя́щая кислота́ — fuming acid (e. g., sulphuric of nitric)жи́рная кислота́ — fatty acidкарбо́ловая кислота́ — carbolic acidкислоро́дная кислота́ — oxyacidкремнефтористоводоро́дная кислота́ — (hydro)fluosilicic acidкре́пкая кислота́ ( характеристика концентрации) — strong acidлигносульфо́новая кислота́ — spruce wood tanninло́жная кислота́ — pseudo-acidмногоосно́вная кислота́ — polybasic acidмуравьи́ная кислота́ — formic acidнасы́щенная кислота́ — saturated acidненасы́щенная кислота́ — unsaturated acidнеоргани́ческая кислота́ — inorganic [mineral] acidнепреде́льная кислота́ — unsaturated acidнесвя́занная кислота́ — unbound acidнитру́ющая кислота́ — mixed (nitric and sulphuric) acidодноосно́вная кислота́ — monobasic acidоргани́ческая кислота́ — organic acidотрабо́танная кислота́ — waste acidпая́льная кислота́ — брит. killed spiritтрави́ть пая́льную кислоту́ — kill the acidпла́виковая кислота́ — hydrofluoric acidпреде́льная кислота́ — saturated acidпродукцио́нная кислота́ — product acidсвобо́дная кислота́ — free acidсвя́занная кислота́ — combined acidсе́рная кислота́ — sulphuric acidсе́рная, ба́шенная кислота́ — (Glover) tower acidсе́рная, ка́мерная кислота́ — chamber sulphuric acidсе́рная, конта́ктная кислота́ — contact(-process) sulphuric acidсе́рная, суха́я кислота́ — dry sulphuric acidсероводоро́дная кислота́ — hydrosulphuric acid, hydrogen sulphideси́льная кислота́ ( характеристика способности диссоциировать) — strong acidсини́льная кислота́ — prussic [hydrocyanic] acidсла́бая кислота́ — weak acidсоля́ная кислота́ — hydrochloric acidсопряжё́нная кислота́ — conjugate acidсыра́я кислота́ — raw [tower] (sulphite) acidтехнологи́ческая кислота́ — process acidтитро́ванная кислота́ — titrating [standard] acidу́гольная кислота́ — carbonic acidу́ксусная кислота́ — acetic [ethanoic] acidу́ксусная, ледяна́я кислота́ — glacial acetic acidформо́вочная кислота́ — forming acidфо́сфорная кислота́ — phosphoric acidполуча́ть фо́сфорную кислоту́ экстракцио́нным спо́собом — obtain phosphoric acid by the wet processфо́сфорная, экстракцио́нная кислота́ — wet-process phosphoric acidфо́сфорная, электротерми́ческая кислота́ — dry-process phosphoric acidфтористоводоро́дная кислота́ — hydrofluoric acidхлористоводоро́дная кислота́ — hydrochloric acidхло́рная кислота́ — perchloric acidчетырёхосно́вная кислота́ — tetrabasic acid, tetracidщаве́левая кислота́ — oxalic [ethanedioic] acid -
12 сернокислотная очистка
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13 Roebuck, John
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 1718 Sheffield, Englandd. 17 July 1794[br]English chemist and manufacturer, inventor of the lead-chamber process for sulphuric acid.[br]The son of a prosperous Sheffield manufacturer, Roebuck forsook the family business to pursue studies in medicine at Edinburgh University. There he met Dr Joseph Black (1727–99), celebrated Professor of Chemistry, who aroused in Roebuck a lasting interest in chemistry. Roebuck continued his studies at Leyden, where he took his medical degree in 1742. He set up in practice in Birmingham, but in his spare time he continued chemical experiments that might help local industries.Among his early achievements was his new method of refining gold and silver. Success led to the setting up of a large laboratory and a reputation as a chemical consultant. It was at this time that Roebuck devised an improved way of making sulphuric acid. This vital substance was then made by burning sulphur and nitre (potassium nitrate) over water in a glass globe. The scale of the process was limited by the fragility of the glass. Roebuck substituted "lead chambers", or vessels consisting of sheets of lead, a metal both cheap and resistant to acids, set in wooden frames. After the first plant was set up in 1746, productivity rose and the price of sulphuric acid fell sharply. Success encouraged Roebuck to establish a second, larger plant at Prestonpans, near Edinburgh. He preferred to rely on secrecy rather than patents to preserve his monopoly, but a departing employee took the secret with him and the process spread rapidly in England and on the European continent. It remained the standard process until it was superseded by the contact process towards the end of the nineteenth century. Roebuck next turned his attention to ironmaking and finally selected a site on the Carron river, near Falkirk in Scotland, where the raw materials and water power and transport lay close at hand. The Carron ironworks began producing iron in 1760 and became one of the great names in the history of ironmaking. Roebuck was an early proponent of the smelting of iron with coke, pioneered by Abraham Darby at Coalbrookdale. To supply the stronger blast required, Roebuck consulted John Smeaton, who c. 1760 installed the first blowing cylinders of any size.All had so far gone well for Roebuck, but he now leased coal-mines and salt-works from the Duke of Hamilton's lands at Borrowstonness in Linlithgow. The coal workings were plagued with flooding which the existing Newcomen engines were unable to overcome. Through his friendship with Joseph Black, patron of James Watt, Roebuck persuaded Watt to join him to apply his improved steam-engine to the flooded mine. He took over Black's loan to Watt of £1,200, helped him to obtain the first steam-engine patent of 1769 and took a two-thirds interest in the project. However, the new engine was not yet equal to the task and the debts mounted. To satisfy his creditors, Roebuck had to dispose of his capital in his various ventures. One creditor was Matthew Boulton, who accepted Roebuck's two-thirds share in Watt's steam-engine, rather than claim payment from his depleted estate, thus initiating a famous partnership. Roebuck was retained to manage Borrowstonness and allowed an annuity for his continued support until his death in 1794.[br]Further ReadingMemoir of John Roebuck in J.Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. 4 (1798), pp. 65–87.S.Gregory, 1987, "John Roebuck, 18th century entrepreneur", Chem. Engr. 443:28–31.LRD -
14 кислота
ж. acidкислота смешивается с водой в любых соотношениях — an acid is miscible with water in all proportions
азотная кислота получается разложением нитрата натрия серной кислотой — nitric acid is made by attack of sulphuric acid on sodium nitrate
Антонимический ряд:1. сладость2. сладости -
15 Messel, Rudolf
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 14 January 1848 Darmstadt, Germanyd. 18 April 1920 London, England[br]German industrial chemist.[br]Messel served three years as an apprentice to the chemical manufacturers E.Lucius of Frankfurt before studying chemistry at Zürich, Heidelberg and Tübingen. In 1870 he travelled to England to assist the distinguished chemist Sir Henry Roscoe, but was soon recalled to Germany on the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. After hostilities ceased, Messel returned to London to join the firm of manufacturers of sulphuric acid Dunn, Squire \& Company of Stratford, London. The firm amalgamated with Spencer Chapman, and after Messel became its Managing Director in 1878 it was known as Spencer, Chapman \& Messel Ltd.Messel's principal contribution to chemical technology was the invention of the contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Earlier processes for making this essential product, now needed in ever-increasing quantities by the new processes for making dyestuffs, fertilizers and explosives, were based on the oxidation of sulphur dioxide by oxides of nitrogen, developed by Joshua Ward and John Roebuck. Attempts to oxidize the dioxide to the trioxide with the oxygen in the air in the presence of a suitable catalyst had so far failed because the catalyst had become "poisoned" and ineffective; Messel avoided this by using highly purified gases. The contact process produced a concentrated form of sulphuric acid called oleum. Until the outbreak of the First World War, Messel's firm was the principal manufacturer, but then the demand rose sharply, so that other firms had to engage in its manufacture. Production thereby increased from 20,000 to 450,000 tons per year.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1912. President, Society of Chemical Industry 1911–12, 1914.Further Reading1931, Special jubilee issue, Journal of the Society of the Chemical Industry (July). G.T.Morgan and D.D.Pratt, 1938, The British Chemical Industry, London.LRD -
16 Ward, Joshua
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 1685d. 21 November 1761 London, England[br]English doctor and industrial chemist.[br]Ward is perhaps better described as a "quack" than a medical doctor. His remedies, one containing a dangerous quantity of antimony, were dubious to say the least. A fraudulent attempt to enter Parliament in 1717 forced him to leave the country quickly. After his pardon in 1733, he returned to London and established a successful practice. His medical prowess is immortalized in Hogarth's picture The Harlot's Progress.Sulphuric acid had been an important chemical for centuries and Ward found that he needed large quantities of it to make his remedies. He set up works to manufacture it at Twickenham, near London, in 1736 and then at Richmond three years later. His process consisted of burning a mixture of saltpetre (nitre; potassium nitrate) and sulphur in the neck of a large glass globe containing a little water. Dilute sulphuric acid was thereby formed, which was concentrated by distillation. Although the method was not new, having been described in the seventeenth century by the German chemist Johann Glauber, Ward was granted a patent for his process in 1749. An important feature was the size of the globes, which had no less than fifty gallons' capacity, which must have entailed considerable skill on the part of the glassblowers. Through the adoption of Ward's process, the price of this essential commodity fell from £2 per pound to only 2 shillings. It provided the best method of manufacture until the advent of the lead-chamber process invented by John Roebuck.[br]Further ReadingA.Clow and N.Clow, 1952, The Chemical Revolution: A Contribution to Social Technology, London: Batch worth.C.Singer et al. (eds), 1958, A History of Technology, 7 vols, Oxford: Clarendon Press, Vol. IV.LRD -
17 Leblanc, Nicolas
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 6 December 1742 Ivey-le-Pré, Franced. 16 January 1806 Paris, France[br]French chemist, inventor of the Leblanc process for the manufacture of soda.[br]Orphaned at an early age, Leblanc was sent by his guardian, a doctor, to study medicine at the Ecole de Chirurgie in Paris. Around 1780 he entered the service of the Duke of Orléans as Surgeon. There he was able to pursue his interest in chemistry by carrying out research, particularly into crystallization; this bore fruit in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1786, published in 1812 as a separate work entitled Crystallotechnie. At that time there was much concern that supplies of natural soda were becoming insufficient to meet the increasing demands of various industries, textile above all. In 1775 the Academy offered a prize of 2,400 livres for a means of manufacturing soda from sea salt. Several chemists studied the problem, but the prize was never awarded. However, in 1789 Leblanc reported in the Journal de physique for 1789 that he had devised a process, and he applied to his patron for support. The Duke had the process subjected to tests, and when these proved favourable he, with Leblanc and the referee, formed a company in February 1790 to exploit it. A patent was granted in 1791 and, with the manufacture of a vital substance at low cost based on a raw material, salt in unlimited supply, a bright prospect seemed to open out for Leblanc. The salt was treated with sulphuric acid to form salt-cake (sodium sulphate), which was then rotated with coal and limestone to form a substance from which the soda was extracted with water followed by evaporation. Hydrochloric acid was a valuable by-product, from which could be made calcium chloride, widely used in the textile and paper industries. The factory worked until 1793, but did not achieve regular production, and then disaster struck: Leblanc's principal patron, the Duke of Orléans, perished under the guillotine in the reign of terror; the factory was sequestered by the Revolutionary government and the agreement was revoked. Leblanc laboured in vain to secure adequate compensation. Eventually a grant was made towards the cost of restoring the factory, but it was quite inadequate, and in despair, Leblanc shot himself. However, his process proved to be one of the greatest inventions in the chemical industry, and was taken up in other countries and remained the leading process for the production of soda for a century. In 1855 his family tried again to vindicate his name and achieve compensation, this time with success.[br]Further ReadingA.A.Leblanc, 1884, Nicolas Leblanc, sa vie, ses travaux et l'histoire de la soude artificielle, Paris (the standard biography, by his grandson).For more critical studies, see: C.C.Gillispie, 1957, "The discovery of the Leblanc process", Isis 48:152–70; J.G.Smith, 1970, "Studies in certain chemical industries in revolutionary and Napoleonic France", unpublished PhD thesis, Leeds University.LRD -
18 Carbonisation
A process used in the woollen trade for removing burrs and vegetable matter from wools, and also to destroy all vegetable matter in rags containing mixed fibre. The process can be carried out by steeping the material in a solution of sulphuric acid at about 140 deg, to 180 deg. F. and then drying. The vegetable fibre is decomposed and is readily removed by willowing; the wool fibre is practically unaffected, after treatment with soda-ash and washing removes any excess of acid. -
19 сернокислотное алкилирование
1) Engineering: sulfuric acid alkylation2) Chemistry: sulphuric-acid alkylation3) oil&gas: sulfuric acid alkylation ( process)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сернокислотное алкилирование
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20 Carbonising
A process to remove burrs and vegetable matter from wools. It is a combination of heat and sulphuric acid, and follows the cleansing operations before the wool is spun into yarn. Sometimes carbonising is done in the cloth, when the cloth is soaked in weak acid and then heated in an oven (see Carbonisation)
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